Macro-Quantum Emergent Einstein Gravity and the
Metric Engineering of Inflationary Quintessence

Jack Sarfatti
ISEP
San Francisco, CA

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The brute force micro-quantum quantization of Einstein's 1915 classical geometrodynamical field of curved space-time is wrongly conceived to begin with. It is like trying to force a huge square peg into a small round hole. There is no many-worlds giant BIT micro-quantum wave function of Wheeler's superspace. David Deutsch's "multiverse" is "excess metaphysical baggage." (J.A. Wheeler) As Max Tegmark points out the "Level III" multiverse adds "no new story lines" to the parallel worlds of Super Cosmos that are "Levels I and II". "Multiverse"? "Who ordered that?" (I. Rabi) What has happened instead is that Wheeler's IT and BIT fuse together to form the macro-quantum "vacuum condensate" out of which Einstein's c-number gravity and inflationary dark energy emerge without any Giant Schrodinger Tiger's eyes, simultaneously alive and dead, burning bright in the darkness of the cosmic night. This is the deep meaning of the fact that, unlike spin 1/2 and spin 1 special relativistic quantum fields on a globally flat space-time background, the spin 2 tensor field is not renormalizable. Micro-quantum gravity unrenormalizable may have led the great Soviet era physicist Andrei Sakharov, working with Zeldovich in 1967, to speculate that Einstein's theory of gravity was an emergent c-number field from the deeper renormalizable quantum electrodynamic substratum of spin 1/2 and spin 1 fields. t'Hooft later (1970's) showed that the electro-weak radioactive SU(2) and strong sub-nuclear SU(3) forces were renormalizable like the U(1) quantum electrodynamics of Feynman, Schwinger and Tomonaga in the late 1940s. Steven Adler (1982) fleshed out more of Sakharov's intuition. All of this was done for point particles without super-strings before the discovery of both gravitating dark matter and anti-gravitating dark energy in the large scale structure of our visible expanding and accelerating universe now pretty much known to be spatially flat with no boundary in three space dimensions, non-fractal and topologically simply-connected on the large scale (Tegmark, 2002). The analogy to gravity here is with Fermi's non-renormalizable weak force theory of beta decay of the isolated neutron into a proton, electron and parity-violating right-handed anti-neutrino with a lifetime of ~ 1000 sec (as I recall?). Fermi's parity-violating theory breaking mirror left-right symmetry is now known to be a low-energy effective field theory emergent from the deeper substratum of the SU(2) Yang-Mills gauge force theory. This theory is mathematically an "internal symmetry" fiber bundle in which the spin gauge forces (W mesons) are the "principal bundle" and the lepto-quark spin 1/2 sources are an "associated bundle". The Lie algebra of weak charges of the SU(2) is non-commutative, therefore the spin 1 boson force quanta carry weak charge and, unlike the electrically neutral U(1) photon, self-interact directly without the intervention of virtual lepto-quark/anti lepto-quark pairs. The SU(2) vacuum is spontaneously broken into a "superfluid" vacuum condensate whose Higgs quanta make the spin 1 weak bosons have rest mass. This Higgs mechanism has been generalized in the standard model to give rest mass to the lepto-quarks. The theory is not as parsimonious as we would like with I think 18 fudge factors recalling Ptolemy's "epicycles". To paraphrase Winston Churchill, it's the worst theory of elementary particles that we have except for every other! High energy particle theorists can be counted on to do the right thing after they have exhausted every other possible alternative. :-) The latter is one memorable way of thinking of the micro-quantum action principle in terms of Feynman's path integral over alternative histories. Similarly with the SU(3) strong force, except there is no broken symmetry and there appears to be asymptotic freedom with the strong force getting weaker as the scale gets smaller meeting up with the electromagnetic U(1) and weak SU(2) gauge forces that get stronger. This allegedly happens a few orders of magnitude below the micro-quantum Planck scale of ~ 10^18 to 10^19 Gev. Coincidently at around the same time in the 60's & 70's, the great Japanese physicist Y. Nambu applied the non-relativistic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of the attractive electron-phonon interaction of a superconductor to the idea of a virtual "vacuum condensate" to explain the mass spectra of elementary particles in analogy with the superconducting energy gap that is, essentially in modern terms, the Higgs amplitude of the complex macro-coherent local order (ODLRO) parameter (g|e-e-|g) in the ground state |g) with a gauge invariant Bohm-Aharonov-Goldstone phase that gives the several practically important Josephson effects. The superconductor vacuum condensate forms when the phonon-induced attraction between two real on mass shell electrons overpowers their static electric Coulomb repulsion. A macroscopic fraction of the metal's mobile electrons pair off into the same lower energy bound state in their center of mass coordinate. This is the tangible giant macro-quantum local wave (g|e-e-|g). P.W. Anderson, also in 1967, generalized many seemingly disparate solid state crystal and liquid many-particle phenomena into a unified "More is different" theory of emergent complexity. The various macro-quantum order parameters, both real and virtual, have the important property of "phase rigidity". Then came the big surprise at the end of the 20th century -- the double whammy of both dark matter and dark energy. These two mysteries are really one mystery as important as the mystery of the spectrum of black body radiation 100 years ago that led Max Planck to most reluctantly invent h the quantum of dynamical action. The majority of Pundits assume that dark matter is some kind of real exotic particle that is "on mass shell" in the parlance of quantum field theory. In other words, Einstein's special relativistic relation between total energy E, linear momentum p and rest mass m is obeyed defining the position of the pole of the single-particle Feynman propagator in the complex energy plane. I admit that the "dark wind" seems to be evidence that some of the dark matter, probably a tiny fraction of the whole, may be real massive particles of an unknown exotic type at rest relative to the Hubble flow. Furthermore, Cline's March 2003 Scientific American article points out that mainstream physicists do not have any consensus on the relation, if any, between dark matter and dark energy. I am presenting here a simple alternative unified explanation of both dark matter and dark energy based upon mainstream battle-tested ideas. Dirac's negative energy electron sea is unstable, by virtual of the static Coulomb attraction between virtual electrons and positrons at the Heisenberg fuzzy uncertain edge of the Fermi sphere in flat momentum space, to the "BCS" formation of a Bose-Einstein virtual "vacuum condensate" of bound state positronium with a local macro-quantum complex scalar coherent order parameter (0|e+e-|0). This general phenomenon of emergent new orders from broken ground state continuous symmetries is described in numerous "More is different" papers by P.W. Anderson. Einstein's 1915 classical curved spacetime local metric field emerges as Hagen Kleinert's 4D "world crystal lattice" simply and directly, in Andre Sakharov's sense, from the modulation of the Goldstone coherent phase arg(0|e+e-|0) (made gauge invariant) of this local vacuum order parameter. Indeed, Sakharov's "metric elasticity" is simply a special case of the more general idea of macro-quantum "phase rigidity" explained by P.W. Anderson in a variety of complex adaptive systems. This phase stability is immune to environmental decoherence and corresponds to a "rugged BIT landscape" in the sense of John Archibald Wheeler's "IT FROM BIT". Note in comparison, that the usual micro-quantum BIT de Broglie pilot wave landscape is shown to be "fragile" by Bohm and Hiley in "The Undivided Universe." It is this lack of long-range phase rigidity in "Born probability" ensembles of identically prepared statistically independent micro-quantum systems that is the deep cause of signal locality (local randomness) in entangled systems with the "no cloning a quantum" needed in non-classical secure untappable nonlocal cryptography, dense coding and teleportation in qubit information processing. Furthermore, that is not all, because a local field version /\ of Einstein's vacuum "cosmological constant" also emerges as a bonus from the modulation of the Higgs amplitude |(0|e+e-|0)| in the "Mexican Hat" type effective field Landau-Ginzburg potential used in the chaotic inflationary cosmological model. This model, according to Max Tegmark, predicts an infinity of smooth simply connected spatially flat "post-inflation bubbles". Each such bubble, in turn, has an infinity of Hubble sphere worlds forming an ensemble to which the weak Anthropic principle explanation of cosmic coincidences required for life in the fundamental dimensionless numbers of our particular Hubble sphere world applies. We are like Edwin Abbott's "Flatlanders" stuck on a single Hubble sphere world on one post-inflationary bubble. This /\ field also has implications for smaller scales. Physically, it is the residual zero point fluctuation field of all the spin 1/2 - spin 1 renormalizable gauge source and force fields of the standard model. It corresponds to the "normal fluid component" of the "superfluid vacuum condensate". /\ < 0 is a universally attractive gravitating "dark matter" exotic vacuum phase. /\ > 0 is a universally repelling anti-gravitating "dark energy" exotic vacuum phase that, on a small scale, Kip Thorne needs for his "traversable wormhole" and that Alcubierre needs for his timelike geodesic free float "warp drive". These exotic phases are deviations from the ordinary = 0 non-gravitating vacuum, which is analogous to the zero entropy ground state of superfluid helium with zero normal fluid in the "two fluid model".

Notes and General References

Summary of key mathematical results:
= Minkowski metric + (Lp^2/2){Du,Dv}[arg(0|e+e-|0) + Integral TaAu^adx^u] = Adler's c-number curved spacetime background from the vacuum condensate. Du = ,u + TaAu^a is spin 1 gauge force covariant derivative in unstable flat spacetime { , } is anti-commutator [Ta,Tb] = Cab^cTc is Lie Algebra of the spin 1 gauge force Dirac - Sakharov substratum Lie Group. e in general is a lepto-quark field. Also, I suppress the short scale multi internal symmetry components of (0|e+e-|0) from SU(2) and SU(3) since U(1) dominates on the large scale. Lp^2 = hG/c^3 Bekenstein bit /\ = Lp^-2[1 - Lp^3|(0|e+e-|0)|^2] = residual spin 1 - spin 1/2 zero point fluctuation field that appears in + /\ = -(8piG/c^4)Tuv with Diff(4) space-time + spin 1 gauge force covariant Landau-Ginzburg equation with generic "Mexican Hat" type effective potential for (0|e+e-|0) consistent with chaotic inflation model at large scale.
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References
[1]Max Tegmark "Parallel Universes" (arXivastro-ph/0302131 v1 7 Feb 2003) in Wheeler Volume published by Templeton Foundation.
[2]PW Anderson "My Life in Theoretical Physics" (World Scientific) on "generalized phase rigidity" and spontaneous broken ground state symmetry as a general theory of emergent complexity up The Great Chain of Being and Becoming.
[3]Misner, Thorne and Wheeler "Gravitation" on Sakharov's "metric elasticity".
[4]Stephen L. Adler "Einstein gravity as a symmetry-breaking effect in quantum field theory", Rev. Mod. Phys. (1982) -- see also "Feynman Lectures on Gravitation".
[5]Bohm and Hiley "The Undivided Universe" on the correct way to understand micro-quantum physics.
[6]Wheeler and Zurek, "Quantum Theory and Measurement" on Wheeler's "IT FROM BIT" in "Law Without Law" of Tegmark's Levels I & II with "selection" in sense of the "Weak Anthropic Principle".
[7]Professor Hagen Kleinert's "world crystal theory" http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/
[8]My two books "Destiny Matrix" and "Space-Time and Beyond II" at http://www.1stbooks.com
[9]David Cline's "The Search for Dark Matter", Scientific American, March 2003 and similar articles in New York Science Times by Dennis Overbye Feb 2003 on latest WMAP experimental data from NASA space probe.
[10]The model of Haisch, Rueda and Puthoff that attempts to derive gravity and inertia from only the spin 1 transverse polarized electromagnetic zero point fluctuations in the semi-classical "SED" model is much too simplistic in its conceptualization to work. There is no macro-coherence in their model and they have no chance of explaining dark energy and dark matter and why the cosmological constant is so small on the average. Similar objections apply to Hal Puthoff's attempt to use Dicke's 1961 "dielectric analogy" to general relativity. In particular Puthoff's use of the isotropic radial coordinate in his model SSS vacuum solution is conceptually inconsistent IMHO.