Chapter 11 Study Questions

1. What types of properties were used to groups organisms in the old edition of Bergey’s Manual?
2. What genetic tool is now used to determine relatedness among bacteria?
3. What type of cellular structure is used for locomotion by Spirochetes?
4. Which group of bacteria was first observed using van Leeuwenhoek microscope?
5. List two human Spirochete pathogens.
6. Name two diseases that are caused by gram negative aerobic cocci in the genus Neisseria.
7. What genus of gram negative aerobic coma shaped bacteria attacks other gram-negative bacteria?
8. Name a genus of gram-negative aerobic rod bacteria that is capable of growing on/in disinfectant compounds such as Quats.
9. What genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod shaped bacteria causes whooping cough in humans and kennel cough in dogs?
10. The organism that causes legionnaires disease has what cell morphology, oxygen requirement and gram stain reaction?
11. What genus of enteric bacteria is usually identified by serologic tests?
12. List the 8 genera of Gram negative facultative anaerobic rods that are considered enterics.
13. What portions of the human body are generally affected or colonized by Gram negative facultative anaerobic gram negative rod bacteria?
14. What genus of bacteria contains organisms that cause chlorea and a type of gastroenteritis often acquired from shellfish.?
15. List a genus of bacteria that is often found in mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina and intestinal tract that has been associated diseases such as meningitis, arthritis, bronchitis, pneumonia and the sexually transmitted disease chancroid. Hint it does not contain an organism that causes flu even though you might guess it does.
16. What growth characteristics do both the Rickettsias and the Chlamydias share?
17. What genus of obligate intracellular bacteria do arthropod vectors such as fleas and ticks transmit?
18. What rickettsial disease is often fatal if not treated early and is endemic (often found) in southern states such as Alabama and georgia?
19. What genus of intracellular bacteria is associated with a sexually transmitted disease?
20. List a genus of bacteria that lacks cell walls.
21. List the two genera of gram positive cocci that are often associated with human disease.
22. What genus of gram positive cocci is responsible for Toxic Shock Syndrome and a form of food poisoning with a quick onset of symptoms?
23. Which genus of gram positive cocci contains bacteria that are known to destroy phogocytic blood cells, destroy connective tissue and fibrin?
24. List two diseases that are associated with the genus Streptococcus.
25. What characteristic of most members of the genus Staphylococcus makes them well suited for growth in nasal secretions and on skin?
26. List two genera of gram positive endospore forming rod bacteria that contain medically important species.
27. List two diseases caused by endospore forming gram positive bacteria? Are these diseases caused by aerobic or anaerobic organisms or organisms of each type?
28. Why is it advantageous for an organism to produce endospores?
29. What genus of non-spore forming, rod shaped bacteria is used in the production of food products such as yogurt, pickles and other " sour" foods?
30. What gram-positive non-spore forming bacterium is extremely dangerous to pregnant women? What unusual growth characteristic does this pathogen have?
31. What genus of bacteria is associated with the human disease diphtheria?
32. List two human diseases that are caused by bacteria in the genus Mycobacteria.
33. What is significant about the cell walls of Mycobacteria?
34. Give two examples of unusual morphologies seen in some species of bacteria. Note it is not necessary to name specific organisms.
35. List two genera that are important in recycling nutrients such as nitrogen and sulfur in the environment.
36. Give examples of "extreme" bacteria. Specific genera are not necessary but list the types of environment they prefer and the general descriptions given to these organisms. All of the extreme bacteria belong to what Domain?
37. What is significant about the cell walls of the Archaea bacteria?
38. What group of photosynthetic bacteria is anoxygenic and which group generates oxygen during photosynthesis?
39. Which genus of Actinomycete is an important source of antibiotics?
40. Actinomycetes produce what type of structures that are generally found in fungal species?
41. Must all bacteria be viewed with a microscope? If not what is the known exception?

1. What is the major difference between bacteria and fungi?
2. The study of fungi is _________.
3. Filamentous fungi usually have what type of oxygen requirement?
4. Yeasts are generally _________ anaerobes.
5. Yeasts are used for the production of what types of food and beverage products?
6. Give an example of an extremely important function that fungi play in the environment.
7. Yeasts are generally identified by what method.
8. In molds and fleshy fungus a thallus consists of _______.
9. A mass of hyphae is called __________.
10. What is the difference between septate and coenocytic hyphae?
11. Aerial hyphae are generally involved in what cellular function?
12. What types of fungi are unicellular?
13. What does dimorphic mean in relation to fungi? What is the significance of most dimorphic fungi?
14. Dimorphic fungi can cause diseases that often have symptoms that are characteristic of what bacterial disease?
15. List the three types of asexual fungal spores. One of these types is further divided into two separate types. What are these spores called?
16. Fungi are placed into major divisions based on what criteria?
17. What are the three types of sexual spores produced by fungi and what types of fungi produce each type?
18. Why would a fungus be placed in the category Deuteromycota?
19. List the six nutritional adaptations of fungi that were discussed in class (These are also in your book on page 325)
20. Explain the meaning of the following: systemic mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, superficial mycoses and opportunistic mycoses.
21. Give to examples of fungal genera that can be opportunistic pathogens. Why have the number of opportunistic infections been increasing in recent decades?
22. List three types of foods that are susceptible to spoilage by fungi? Why are these foods more susceptible to spoilage by fungi than bacteria?
23. Algae review for you. All are eukaryotic oxygenic photoautotrophs. They are unicellular, filamentous or multi-cellular. All reproduce asexually and some can reproduce sexually. They are important members of the food chain in aquatic environments. Generally classified based on their color and cellular structures. Generally not associated with disease in man.
24. A Lichen is a symbiotic combination of what types of organisms?
25. Lichens are often good indicators of ________ pollution.
26. Are protozoa unicellular or multi-cellular? Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? To what kingdom do they belong?
27. What is the vegetative state of a protozoan called?
28. List the asexual forms of reproduction found in protozoans.
29. What is schizogony?
30. Do Protozoa also reproduce sexually?
31. Protozoans are generally placed into phyla based on what types of characteristics?
32. List the 4 phyla of medically important protozoans.
33. Give 4 examples of diseases caused by protozoans. For the ones you choose indicate in which phylum they belong
34. Which phylum of protozoans has a complex life cycle that includes multiple hosts?
35. What genus of Apicomplexa causes malaria?
36. Asexual reproduction of the malaria causing Plasmodium occurs in what host?
37. Sexual reproduction of malaria causing Plasmodium occurs in what host?
38. What is the difference between the definitive and intermediate host in protozoan infections?
39. Which genus of protozoan has recently been identified as important pathogen in immunosuppressed people.
40. What protozoan can be transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus?
41. Parasitic flatworms belong to what phylum? To which phylum do parasitic roundworms belong?
42. Which of the above phyla contain worms that lack a digestive system?
43. List the two classes of flatworms that can cause disease in man. What are the common names of these disease-causing worms?
44. List the genus of nematodes that can be transmitted in undercooked pork infect and cause disease in man.
45. Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms are called _____?
46. Give two examples of arthropod vectors.