Trees of Alabama

Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus (pics)	Other Common Names	White pine, Northern white pine, Northern pine, Weymouth pine, Soft pine, American white pine, American yellow pine, Apple pine, Balsam pine, Cork pine, Pumpkin pine, Sapling pine, Silver pine, Spruce pine.
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Cones (seeds) are eaten by the yellow-bellied sapsucker, pine siskin, pine warbler, red crossbill and red squirrels. Beavers, porcupines, white-tailed deer, and snowshoe hares also eat the seeds, bark and foilage. Habitat: Bald eagles prefer the white pine tree for nesting sites.
	Other Links	Tech Sheet USGS Climate-Vegetation Atlas (pdf format) UConn Plant Database data Info from Ohio Division of Forestry Nurseries selling white pines
Sand Pine (pics) Pinus clausa Not native to Alabama	Other Common Names	Scrub pine, Spruce pine, Ocala sand pine, Choctawhatchee sand pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are eaten by small birds and mammals like wild turkey, bobwhite quail, fox squirrel, gray squirrel, and mourning dove. Habitat: The canopy is used by woodpeckers, songbirds, and birds of prey, as well as grey and flying squirrels. The Florida Scrub Jay (endangered) also nests in these trees.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Info from NCSU Fire Effects Information
Loblolly Pine (pics) Pinus taeda Books on Loblolly pine at Amazon.com	Other Common Names	Oldfield pine, North Carolina pine, Arkansas soft pine, Shortleaf pine, Shortstraw pine, Yellow pine.
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are eaten by songbirds and small mammals. Habitat: White-tailed deer, gray squirrel, fox squirrel, bobwhite quail, and wild turkey use the loblolly for shelter. The red-cockaded woodpeckers, pine warbler, brown-headed nuthatch, and Bachman's warbler use the loblolly for shelter and nest sites. Cavities in standing dead trees are used as nests for woodpeckers. The ospreys and the bald eagle also use the loblolly for nesting.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Short Description of the Loblolly Nurseries that sell Loblolly Pine
Longleaf Pine (pics) Pinus palustris	Other Common Names	Longstraw, Yellow, Southern yellow, Swamp, Hard or Heart, Pitch, and Georgia pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are eaten by bobwhite, mourning dove and other small birds and animals. Squirrels will eat the seeds before they ripen. Habitat: The longleaf pine is the primary habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker. The Gopher tortoise and Sherman's fox squirrel are part of the longleaf's ecosystem.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Short description of the Longleaf Pine tree More information with images Nurseries that sell Loblolly Pine Short history of the Heart pine
Jack Pine (pics) Pinus banksiana Not native to Alabama	Other Common Names	Scrub, Banksian, or Hudson Bay pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links
Shortleaf Pine (pics) Pinus echinata	Other Common Names	Shortleaf yellow, Southern yellow, Oldfield, Shortstraw, or Arkansas soft pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are eaten by small birds and mammals. Deer eat seedlings. Habitat: Wild turkey and bobwhite quail use the cover of the shortleaf. The red-cackaded woodpecker use cavities in these trees for shelter and nesting.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact sheet with pics Images from the Noble Foundation gallery
Slash Pine (pics) Pinus elliottii	Other Common Names	Southern pine, Yellow slash pine, Swamp pine, Pitch pine, and Cuban pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are eaten by small birds and mammals. Deer eat seedlings. Habitat: The red-cackaded woodpecker use cavities in these trees for shelter and nesting.
	Other Links	Introductory Information Planting Information Fact Sheet with cone and bark pics Information from Purdue University Slash Pine Plantation in FL
Spruce Pine (pics) Pinus glabra	Other Common Names	Cedar pine, Walter pine, or Bottom white pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Seeds are eaten by Northern bobwhite and squirrels. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with pics
Table Mountain Pine (pics) Pinus pungens Not native to Alabama	Other Common Names	Hickory pine, Mountain pine, Prickly pine, Squirrel pine.
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Red squirrels eat the seeds. Habitat:
	Other Links	Description
Red Pine (pics) Pinus resinosa Not native to Alabama	Other Common Names	Norway pine, Hard pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: White-tailed deer and snow-shoe hares eat the saplings. Red squirrels, chipmunks, mice, red crossbills, pine grosbeaks, and pine siskins eat the seeds. Habitat:
	Other Links
Pitch Pine (pics) Pinus rigida Not native to Alabama	Other Common Names	Southern pine, Black pine, Torch pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Deer, cottontail rabbits, and meadow mice eat the sprouts and seedlings. Red squirrels, quail, chickadees, juncos, and mice eat the seeds. Habitat:
	Other Links
Pond Pine (pics) Pinus serotina	Other Common Names	Marsh pine, Pocosin pine, Bay pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Deer eat on the sprouts and seedlings. Birds and rodents eat the seeds. Habitat: Pond pine stands provide nesting for the red-cockaded woodpeckers and also provide for many wetland species.
	Other Links	Fact sheet with pics USDA Forest Service FEIS Information
Virginia Pine (pics) Pinus virginiana	Other Common Names	Jersey pine, Scrub pine, Spruce pine, Poverty Pine
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Deer browse the seedlings. Many songbirds and small mammals eat the seeds. Habitat: Old and decaying trees are a favorite nesting sites for woodpeckers. Also serves as habitat for pine siskins and pine grosbeaks.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact sheet with pics Wood characteristics Caring for the Virginia pine FEIS Database

Eastern Hemlock (pics) and more images Tsuga canadensis	Other Common Names	Hemlock, Canadian Hemlock
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Yellow-bellied sapsucker Habitat: Hemlock forests create streams that are more suitable for aquatic invertebrates.
	Other Links	Growing eastern hemlocks Description of Hemlock forest ecology

Baldcypress (pics) Taxodium distichum	Other Common Names	Cypress, Southern -cypress, Swamp-cypress, Red-cypress, Yellow-cypress, White-cypress, Tidewater red-cypress, or Gulf-cypress
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Baldcypress seeds are eaten by wild turkeys, squirrels, evening grosbeaks, and wood ducks; they are a minor part of the diet of other waterfowl and wading birds; and they were an important food for the now-extinct Carolina parakeet. Yellow-throated warblers forage in the Spanish moss or resurrection fern (Polypodium polypodioides) often found on old trees. Habitat: Large old baldcypress furnish unique habitats for some wildlife. Bald eagles and ospreys nest in the tops. Prothonotary warblers achieve their highest densities in baldcypress-tupelo stands where they find nesting cavities in old decaying baldcypress knees. Catfish spawn in submerged hollow cypress logs.
	Other Links	UDSA Forest Service Fact sheet with pics

Atlantic White Cedar (pic) Chamaecyparis thyoides	Other Common Names	Southern white-cedar, White cedar, False cypress, Swamp cedar
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact sheet with pics
Eastern Red Cedar (pic) more images Juniperus virginiana	Other Common Names	Red juniper, Red cedar, Savin, Cedar, Juniper bush
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact sheet with pics Purdue University information

Eastern Cottonwood (pics): tree leaves fruit Populus deltoides	Other Common Names	Eastern poplar, Cottonwood, Carolina poplar, Whitewood
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Rodents and small mammals eat the seedlings and saplings. Habitat: Beavers use the wood for dams and lodges.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact sheet with images FEIS database
Swamp Cottonwood (pics) Populus heterophylla	Other Common Names	Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Black cottonwood, River cottonwood
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact sheet with images

Black Willow (pics) Salix nigra	Other Common Names	Swamp willow, Crack willow
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The buds and flowering catkins are eaten by birds. The twigs and leaves are eaten by deer. Rodents eat the bark and buds. An early source of nectar for insects. Habitat: Some small birds use the trees for nesting sites.
	Other Links	Ohio Forestry Description DCNR Description FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images Medical uses USDA Forest Service

Water Hickory Images: Bark and Nuts Carya aquatica	Other Common Names	Swamp hickory, Bitter pecan, Pignut hickory
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The nuts are eaten by many birds. Wood ducks, squirrels, and other small mammals eat the nuts. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet from the National PLANTS database Description with images
Bitternut Hickory Images Carya cordiformis	Other Common Names	Swamp hickory, Pig hickory, Pignut, Bitter pecan tree, Bitter pignut, White hickory, Red-heart hickory, Yellowbud hickory
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: As with all hickory nuts, they are an important source of food for squirrels and other wildlife. However, since the nuts are bitter, they are generally not a first choice for squirrels. Beavers, rabbits and small rodents may sometimes eat the tree bark. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Description and distribution in Oklahoma Fact sheet with images Ohio Division of Forestry description FEIS Database
Pignut Hickory (pics) Carya glabra	Other Common Names	Bitternut, Black hickory, Brown hickory, Red hickory
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The nuts are eaten by squirrels. Nuts and flowers are eaten by wild turkeys and birds. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images Short description with images
Shellbark Hickory (images) Carya laciniosa Search for Carya laciniosa on Dogpile	Other Common Names	Bigleaf shagbark hickory, Big shellbark, Kingnut
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The nuts are largely eaten by squirrels and chipmunks and to a lesser degree by black bears, gray and red foxes, rabbits, and white-footed mice plus bird species such as mallards, wood ducks, bobwhites, and wild turkey. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Physical description OPLIN Description Fact sheet with images Buy this tree at NADF
Nutmeg Hickory (pics) Carya myristicaeformis The Nutmeg Hickory is on the NC threatened plants list.	Other Common Names	Bitter water hickory, Swamp hickory, Pecan
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Squirrels and other small rodents eat the nuts. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Description at GardenBed.com
Shagbark Hickory (images) Carya ovata	Other Common Names	Carolina hickory, Scalybark hickory, Shellbark hickory
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The nuts are largely eaten by squirrels and chipmunks and to a lesser degree by black bears, gray and red foxes, rabbits, and white-footed mice plus bird species such as mallards, wood ducks, bobwhites, and wild turkey. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service FEIS Database Fact sheet with images
Mockernut Hickory (images) Carya tomentosa	Other Common Names	Whiteheart hickory, Bullnut, White hickory, Hognut
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The nuts are largely eaten by squirrels and chipmunks and to a lesser degree by black bears, gray and red foxes, rabbits, and white-footed mice plus bird species such as mallards, wood ducks, quail, and wild turkey. Deer sometimes browse the leaves, twigs and nuts. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Texas A&M Univ. Description NC State Univ. Description Virginia Tech. Fact Sheet

Sweet Birch images Betula lenta	Other Common Names	Black birch, Cherry birch, spice birch, river birch, mahogany birch, mountain-mahogany
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Ruffed grouse feed on buds and seeds, deer and rabbits browse the twigs. The birch tubemaker, birch skeletonizer, oriental moth, gypsy moth, and dusky birch sawfly eat the leaves. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service UConn Database (w/pics) Information from Purdue Fact Sheet
River Birch (images) Betula nigra	Other Common Names	Red birch, Black birch, Water birch
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: A number of species of birds eat river birch seeds including ruffed grouse and wild turkey. White-tailed deer browse river birch. Habitat: The bottomland hardwoods in which river birch occurs are prime wildlife habitat, providing nesting sites for waterfowl, and food and cover for many animals.
	Other Links	NSDA Forest Service Univ. Conn. Database FEIS Database Description Ohio Univ. Description Care Instructions

White Oak (images) Quercus alba	Other Common Names	Fork-leaf white oak, Ridge white oak, Stave oak, American oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Numerous birds and mammals use oak acorns as food; among them are squirrels, blue jays, crows, red-headed woodpeckers, deer, black bear, turkey, quail, mice, chipmunks, ducks, and raccoons. White oak twigs and foliage are browsed by deer. Habitat:
	Other Links	Description Univ. Conn. Database Some historical accounts www.albion.edu bluehen.ags.udel.edu Fact sheet with images
Scarlet Oak (images) Quercus coccinea Muenchh.	Other Common Names	Black oak, Spanish oak, Spotted oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Acorns are eaten by eastern gray squirrels, chipmunks, mice, wild turkey, deer, black bear, and birds, especially blue jays and red-headed woodpeckers. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact sheet with photos Univ. Conn. Database FEIS Database www.discoverlife.org
Durand Oak (pics) Quercus durandii How the Durand oak got it's name. (very interesting)	Other Common Names	Bluff oak, Durand white oak, White oak, Basket oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds (acorns) are eaten by many birds and animals such as squirrels, blue jays, crows, red-headed woodpeckers, deer, black bear, turkey, quail, mice, chipmunks, ducks, and raccoons. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Database
Southern Red Oak (photos) Quercus falcata	Other Common Names	Red oak, Spanish oak, Water oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The acorns are eaten by waterfowl, wild turkey, blue jay, red-headed and red-bellied woodpeckers, white-breasted nuthatch, common grackle, raccoon, white-tailed deer, and squirrels. Red oak acorns do not germinate soon after falling to the ground like the white oak acorns, and thus are the ideal winter food for wildlife. Red oak acorns are second in preference for fox squirrels. Habitat: The red oak provides cover and nesting sites for birds and mammals.
	Other Links	Fact sheet with photos Description FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with photos
Cherrybark Oak (image) Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia	Other Common Names	Bottomland red oak, Elliot oak, Red oak, Swamp oak, Swamp Spanish oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The acorns are eaten by squirrels, chipmunks and other small rodents. Deer and rabbits may eat seedlings. Habitat:
	Other Links	Description Description with images Description with images Description and many other details
Turkey Oak (pics) Quercus laevis Walt.	Other Common Names	Scrub oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The acorns are eaten by birds and mammals such as the black bear, white-tailed deer, fox squirrel, scrub jay, northern bobwhite, and wild turkey. Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact sheet with images FEIS Database USDA Forest Service
Laurel Oak (images) Quercus laurifolia Michx.	Other Common Names	Darlington oak, Laurel-leaved oak, Water oak, Swamp laurel oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The consistent and abundant acorn crops are an important food source for many animals, including white-tailed deer, raccoon, squirrels, wild turkey, ducks, quail, smaller birds, and rodents. Laurel oak ranked second in quantity and frequency of acorns consumed by wild turkey in Florida. In a study of the 10 most heavily used winter foods of deer in Florida, laurel oak acorns rated fifth, sixth, and seventh in a 6-year period. Deer also browse on the seedlings. Acorns of the black oak group do not germinate until spring, unlike those of the white oak group, and are an important winter food source. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service A photo Fact sheet with photos Quick facts More info Champion Trees FEIS Database
Overcup Oak (images) Quercus lyrata Walt.	Other Common Names	Swamp post oak, Swamp white oak, Water white oak, White oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Ducks, wild turkeys, squirrels, and white-tailed deer eat overcup oak acorns. The large size of overcup oak acorns renders them less suitable for duck food than other acorns. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact sheet with photos Info from Auburn Univ. with photos
Bur Oak (images) Quercus macrocarpa Michx.	Other Common Names	Blue oak, Mossycup oak, Mossy-over-cup oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Bur oak foliage is a common and important constituent of cattle diets and for white-tailed and mule deer in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Cattle, horses, and sheep eat the seedlings. Many birds and mammals eat bur oak acorns including squirrels, deer, wood ducks, blue jays, and cows. Rodents and blue jays frequently cache the acorns for later use, thereby facilitating seed dispersal. Habitat: Bur oak provides hiding cover and nesting sites for many birds and mammals. Red-tailed hawks, screech owls, fox squirrels, and flying squirrels nest in large bur oaks.
	Other Links	bluehen.ags.udel.edu Univ. Conn. Description Scanning Electron images of pollen USDA Forest Service Fact sheet with photos FEIS Database
Blackjack Oak (images) Quercus marilandica Muenchh. A very small and slow-growing oak tree.	Other Common Names	Barren oak, Black oak, Jack oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: As with any oak, the acorns are eaten by small mammals and birds. Habitat:
	Other Links	Oklahoma Biosurvey USDA Database Fact Sheet with photos FEIS Database
Swamp Chestnut Oak (images) Quercus michauxii Nutt.	Other Common Names	Basket oak, Cow oak, White oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Many small mammals and birds eat the acorns including squirrels, white-tailed deer, black bear, red fox, wild turkey, northern bobwhite, waterfowl, and chickens. Cows are fond of the acorns, however, if eaten in large quantities, tannins in the acorns can poison livestock. Habitat:
	Other Links	Auburn Univ. Description USDA Forest Service Oklahoma Description FEIS Database
Chinkapin Oak (drawing) Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm.	Other Common Names	Chestnut oak, Rock chestnut oak, Rock oak, Yellow chestnut oak, Yellow oak, Pin oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Chinkapin oak acorns are sweet and palatable and are eaten by squirrels, mice, voles, chipmunks, deer, turkey, and other birds. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Database Chinkapin Oak in Florida Description
Water Oak (images) Quercus nigra L.	Other Common Names	Possum oak, Duck oak, Pin oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Water oak acorns are eaten by many animals including squirrels, chipmunks, waterfowl, blue jay, wild turkey, and northern bobwhite. Blue jays and squirrels cache acorns in the fall and return to eat them in the winter. Deer browse water oak. Habitat: The red-bellied woodpecker, great crested flycatcher, and hairy woodpecker nest in cavities of the water oak trees. Water oak within a pine forest provides habitat for the southern flying squirrel.
	Other Links	USDA Database FEIS Database Fact sheet with photos
Willow Oak (images) Quercus phellos L KWER-kus-FEL-os	Other Common Names	Peach oak, Pin oak, Swamp willow oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The acorns are a food source for waterfowl, wild turkey, blue jays, red-headed and red-bellied woodpeckers, flickers, grackles, white-tailed deer, fox and gray squirrels, and other small rodents. Willow oak is considered good browse for white-tailed deer. Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact sheet with images USDA Forest Service FEIS Database More photos Photo Slides
Chestnut Oak (pics) Quercus prinus Engelm	Other Common Names	Rock oak, Rock chestnut oak, White oak, Basket oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The acorns are eaten by white-tailed deer, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, and wild turkeys. White-tailed deer occasionally browse young oak sprouts. Habitat: Small birds and mammals, as well as insects such as bees, use chestnut oak cavities for nesting.
	Other Links	Fact sheet with photos Photo of leaves FEIS Database USDA Forest Service
Northern Red Oak (images) Quercus rubra KWER-kus RU-bra	Other Common Names	Gray oak, Eastern red oak, Red oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The white-footed mouse, eastern chipmunk, fox squirrel, gray squirrel, red squirrel, white-tailed deer, flying squirrels, and deer mice consume northern red oak acorns. Birds that eat the acorns are the bobwhite, red-headed woodpecker, red-bellied woodpecker, blue jay, tufted titmouse, grackle, white-breasted nuthatch, sapsuckers, quail, ruffed grouse, turkey ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, wild turkey, eastern crow, northern flicker, grackle, blue jay, brown thrasher, tufted titmouse, starling, lesser prairie chicken, chickadees, nuthatches, and other songbirds. Acorns are also important food sources for various waterfowl such as the golden-eye, gadwall, wood duck, hooded merganser, mallard, American pintail, black duck, redhead, and green-winged teal. Habitat: Many cavity nesters, such as the red-bellied and hairy woodpecker, utilize northern red oak.
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Leaf images Fact sheet with photos
Shumard Oak (pics) Quercus shumardii	Other Common Names
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Shumark acorns are eaten by songbirds, wild turkeys, waterfowl, white-tailed deer, and various species of squirrels. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service FEIS Database UAH Description Fact sheet with images
Post Oak (images) Quercus stellata	Other Common Names	Iron oak, Box white oak, White oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The acorns are eaten by wild turkey, white-tailed deer, squirrels, and many other rodents. The tannin in leaves, buds, and acorns is toxic to sheep, cattle, and goats. Habitat: Leaves are used for nest building by birds, squirrels, and raccoons. Cavities provide nests and dens for various birds and mammals.
	Other Links	Fact sheet with photos USDA Forest Service FEIS Database
Black Oak (images) Quercus velutina	Other Common Names	Smooth-bark oak, Yellow oak, Quercitron oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The acorns are eaten by squirrels, white-tail deer, mice, voles, turkeys, and other birds. In Illinois, fox squirrels have been observed feeding on black oak catkins. Habitat: Cavities in black oak trees is used for nesting by wildlife.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with photos FEIS Database
Live Oak (images) Quercus virginiana Mill.	Other Common Names	Virginia live oak
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Acorns are an important food source for many birds and mammals, including northern bobwhite, Florida scrub jay, mallard, sapsuckers, wild turkey, black bear, squirrels, and white-tailed deer. Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with photos FEIS Database USDA Forest Service

Winged Elm (images) Ulmus alata Michx. More links	Other Common Names	Cork elm, Witch elm, Water elm, Southern elm
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The mast from winged elm is eaten by birds and animals, and the twigs and leaves are important for white-tailed deer. Both twigs and leaves are most succulent, nutritious, and digestible during spring and are less useful as food the rest of the year. Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with photos USDA Forest Service Auburn Univ. data with photos UF Horticulture Department Fact Sheet (pdf)
American Elm (pics) Ulmus americana L.	Other Common Names	White elm, Gray elm
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are eaten by a number of small birds. The flowerbud, flower, and fruit are eaten by mice, squirrels, oppossum, ruffed grouse, northern bobwhite, and Hungarian partridge. Habitat:
	Other Links	Univ. Conn. Plant Database USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with photos FEIS Database
Slippery Elm (images) Ulmus rubra Muhl.	Other Common Names	Red elm, Gray elm, Soft elm, Moose elm
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are eaten by birds and small animals. Deer and rabbits browse the twigs. Habitat:
	Other Links	Medicinal use and how to grow Fact Sheet with photos FEIS Database USDA Forest Service
September Elm (images) Ulmus serotina Sarg.	Other Common Names	Red elm
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds of September and other elms are eaten by a variety of birds and small mammals, including squirrels. Twigs and buds are sometimes browsed by deer, and a few game birds eat the buds. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Short Description Oklahoma Description North American Tree Guide description

Fraser Magnolia (images N/A) Magnolia fraseri Walt.	Other Common Names	Mountain magnolia, Ear-leaf cucumber tree, Long-leaved cucumber tree
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat: Wildlife use larger defective trees of Fraser magnolia as den trees.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet
Southern Magnolia (flower flower bud stipule) Magnolia grandiflora L.	Other Common Names	Bull-bay, Evergreen magnolia, Magnolia, Larel-leaved magnolia
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Southern magnolia seeds are eaten by squirrels, opossum, quail, and the wild turkey. Habitat: Southern magnolia provides cover for many small birds and mammals.
	Other Links	UCONN Description Awesome video of flower Photos showing the flower's evolution Univ. of Alabama in Huntsville description FEIS Database Fact Sheet with photos Auburn Univ. description USDA Forest Service
Bigleaf Magnolia (images) Magnolia macrophylia Michx.	Other Common Names	Large-leaf magnolia, Great-leaved cucumber tree, Great-leaved magnolia, Large-leaved umbrella tree, Cucumber-tree, Cowcumber tree
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Some small aminals and birds may eat the seeds. Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact sheet with images

Red Maple (images) Acer rubrum L.	Other Common Names	Swamp maple, Soft maple, Water maple, White maple
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: White-tailed deer, moose, elk, and snowshoe hare browse on the trees. Small birds eat the winged seeds off the trees. Habitat: The screech owl, pileated woodpecker, and common flicker nest in cavities in many species of maple. Also, wood ducks use cavities in the river floodplain communities.
	Other Links	FEIS Database University of Conn. USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with photos
Silver Maple (images) Acer saccharium L.	Other Common Names	Soft maple, River maple, White maple, Silverleaf maple
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Many birds and small mammals eat the seeds for food. Habitat: Provides nesting for birds, especially robins.
	Other Links	Planting and care More photos Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Sugar Maple (pics) Acer saccharum Marsh.	Other Common Names	Hard maple, Rock maple, Sugar-tree, Sweet maple, Sugar maple
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Browsed by white-tailed deer, moose, and snowshoe hare. The red squirrel, gray squirrel, and flying squirrels feed on the seeds, buds, twigs, and leaves. The porcupine consumes the bark and can. Habitat: Numerous species of songbirds nest in sugar maple. Cavity nesters such as the black-capped chickadee excavate nest cavities or utilize preexisting cavities. The common flicker, pileated woodpecker, and screech owl also nest in maples.
	Other Links	FEIS Database University of Conn. Fact sheet with photos USDA Forest Service

White Ash (images) Fraxinus americana L.	Other Common Names	Biltmore ash, Biltmore white ash, Smallseed white ash
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The winged seeds are eaten by wood duck, bob white, purple finch, pine grosbeak, and fox squirrel. Rabbits, beaver, and porcupine occasionally use the bark of young trees for food. Habitat: Red-headed, red-bellied, and pileated woodpeckers will nest in cavities, after which wood ducks, owls, nuthatches, and gray squirrels will use these abandoned cavities.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service FEIS Database Medicinal Uses Fact Sheet with images Floridata Silvics of North America
Carolina Ash (pics) Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.	Other Common Names	Florida ash, Pop ash, Swamp ash, Water ash
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with images Apparently not much info on the web
Green Ash (images) Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.	Other Common Names	Darlington ash, White ash, Swamp ash, Water ash, Red ash
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Deer browse the trees. The seeds are eaten by many birds and animals. Habitat: Stands of Green Ash trees provide valuable habitat for deer, sharptail grouse, squirrels, coyotes, rabbits, racoons and porcupines and several species of small mammals.
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with images University of Delaware
Blue Ash (images) Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx.	Other Common Names	Mountain ash, White ash
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with images Description of University of Conn.

Pecan (images) Carya illinoenisis	Other Common Names	Pecan nut, Pecanier, Pecan-tree
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Pecan nuts are eaten by a number of birds, fox and gray squirrels, opossums, raccoons, and peccaries. White-tailed deer sometimes heavily browse older pecan trees. Habitat: Pecan provides cover for a variety of birds and mammals in the oak-hickory forests.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service FEIS Database Fact Sheet
Butternut (images) Juglans cinerea	Other Common Names	White walnut, Oilnut, Walnut, American white walnut
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Squirrels and other rodents eat the nuts. White-tailed deer will eat the butternut leaves. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Black Walnut (images) Juglans nigra	Other Common Names	Eastern black walnut, American walnut, Gunwood
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The nuts are food for many rodents, incuding squirrels and also for many birds. Habitat: The eastern screech-owl roosts on the limbs of black walnut.
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images Lots of other information
American Chestnut (Images: leaves) Castanea dentata	Other Common Names	Chestnut
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with images School of Natural Resources More
Ohio Buckeye (images) Aesculus glabra	Other Common Names	Buckeye, Fetid buckeye, Stinking buckeye, American horse chestnut
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Although the buckeye nuts are considered poisonous, especially to livestock, squirrels do occasionally eat them. Habitat:
	Other Links	University of Conn. Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Yellow Buckeye (images) Aesculus octandra	Other Common Names	Buckeye, Sweet buckeye, Large buckeye
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The fruits are poisonous to animals, thus provides no food. However, squirrels may on occasion eat the nuts. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with images

Sugarberry (images) Celtis laevigata	Other Common Names	Sugar hackberry, Hackberry, Texas sugarberry
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The berries are eaten by many birds, including the ring-necked pheasant, waterfowl, quail, ruffed grouse, turkey and other animals. Squirrels also eat the fruit and to a lesser extend, the tree bark and buds. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Characteristics - NC State Univ. Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Hackberry (images) Celtis occidentalis	Other Common Names	Common hackberry, Sugarberry, Bastard-elm, Hagberry or Nettletree
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: A valuable source of food for over 25 species of birds feed on hackberries, including: wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, quail, prairie sharp-tailed grouse, lesser prairie chicken, cedar waxwing, yellow-bellied sapsucker, mockingbird, robin, flickers, cardinal, bobwhite and others. The fox squirrel will feed on both the fruit and the nipple galls. Food plant for Sphinx drupiferarum Habitat: Provides valuable habitat for wildlife.
	Other Links	FEIS Database Description Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Red Mulberry (images) Morus rubra	Other Common Names	Mulberry, Black mulberry
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Many birds including wood ducks, bluebirds, indigo buntings, gray catbirds, eastern kingbirds, towhees, orchard orioles, brown thrashers, summer tanagers, vireos, red-cockaded woodpeckers, red-bellied woodpeckers, great crested flycatchers, and Lewis' woodpeckers eat the fruit. Also animals such as opossums, raccoons, fox squirrels, and gray squirrels eat the fruit. Deer browse the foilage. Beavers eat the bark. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with images
Downy Serviceberry (images) Amelanchier arborea	Other Common Names	Shadbush, Juneberry, Shadblow, Sarviceberry, Sarvistree, Mespilus, Grape pear, Swamp sugar pear, Bloody choke-berry.
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: At least 40 bird species and several dozen mammal species eat the fruit of the Serviceberry. Mammals that use downy serviceberry include squirrels, chipmunks, mice, voles, foxes, black bears, and elk Host for the Red-spotted Purple butterfly larva. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images Univ. of Conn.
Black Cherry (images) Prunus serotina	Other Common Names	Wild cherry, Wild black cherry, Rum cherry, Cherry
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Black cherry leaves, twigs, bark, and seeds are poisonous to livestock, however, white-tailed deer eat it with no apparent harm. Numerous songbirds feed on black cherries as they migrate south in the fall. Passerine birds that eat black cherry fruits include the American robin, brown thrasher, mockingbird, eastern bluebird, European starling, gray catbird, blue jay, willow flycatcher, northern cardinal, common crow, and waxwings, thrushes, woodpeckers, grackles, grosbeaks, sparrows, and vireos. Black cherries are also important in the summer and fall diets of the ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, wild turkey, northern bobwhite, greater and lesser prairie chicken, red fox, raccoon, opossum, squirrels, rabbits and a favorite food of black bears Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn.
Common Persimmon (images) Diospyros virginiana	Other Common Names	Persimmon, Eastern persimmon, Date plum, Simmon
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The fruit is an important food for squirrel, fox, coyote, racoon, opossum, and quail. White-tail deer, song birds, and hogs will also eat the fruit. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with images Univ. of Conn.

Honey Locust (images) Gleditsia triacanthos	Other Common Names	Three-thorned acacia, Thorntree, Honeyshucks, Locust
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Honey-locust pods are eaten by white-tailed deer, Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, rabbits, quail (including northern bobwhite), crows, and starling. The bark is eaten by white-tailed deer and rabbits. Honey-locust is also a source of pollen and nectar for honey. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Features Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images Information with images
Black Locust (images) Robinia pseudacacia	Other Common Names	Yellow locust, Locust, White locust, Acacia
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are a limited food source for Northern bobwhite, other game birds, and squirrels. Habitat: Heart rot in older trees provide nesting cavities for the downy and hairy woodpeckers and for the common flicker.
	Other Links	Ohio Trees Bulletin Species Survey Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service Wildland Invasive Species Program
American Sycamore (images) Platanus occidentalis	Other Common Names	American planetree, Buttonball-tree, Buttonwood, Planetree
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Sycamore seeds are eaten by some birds including the purple finch, goldfinch, chickadees, and dark-eyed junco, and by muskrat, beaver, and squirrels. Habitat: Hollowed sycamore trees provide homes for cavity nesting birds including the barred owl, eastern screech-owl, great crested flycatcher, and chimney swift. Wood duck use sycamores as nest trees.
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images
Yellow Popular (pics) Liriodendron tulipifera	Other Common Names	Tuliptree, Poplar, Tulip-Poplar, White-Poplar, Whitewood
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The flowers provide nectar for Ruby-throated hummingbirds and honey bees. Yellow-bellied sapsuckers use the phloem. The sumeracs are eaten by northern bobwhites, purple finches, cottontails, red squirrels, gray squirrels, and white-footed mice. White-tailed deer browse on the trees. Habitat: Yellow-poplars in various stages of growth provide hiding and thermal cover for white-tailed deer, small mammals, upland game birds, waterfowl, and nongame birds. They provide habitat for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker.
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn.
American Beech (images) Fagus grandifolia	Other Common Names	Beech
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Beech mast is eaten by a variety of birds and mammals, including mice, squirrels, chipmunks, blackbear, deer, foxes, ruffed grouse, ducks, and bluejays. Habitat: American beech provides cover for the Carolina chickadee and the black-capped chickadee.
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact sheet with images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn.
Flowering Dogwood (images) Cornus florida	Other Common Names	Dogwood, Boxwood, Flowering cornel, Arrow-wood
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Dogwood seeds (fruit) are eaten by at least 36 species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob-white quail, and wild turkey. Chipmunks, foxes, skunks, rabbits, deer, beaver, black bears, and squirrels also eat the fruit. Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service Herbal Uses Auburn pics FEIS Database
Blackgum (images) Nyssa sylvatica	Other Common Names	Pepperidge, Sour-gum, Tupelo, Black Tupelo, Tupelo-gum
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The fruit is eaten by many birds including the Ruffed Grouse and Wild Turkey, and animals. Young seedlings are browsed by white-tailed deer. Habitat: Valuable as den trees and honey trees.
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Sweetgum (images) Liquidambar styraciflua	Other Common Names	American sweetgum, Liquidambar, Redgum, Delta red gum
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, and chipmunks. It is also food for the Yellow-bellied sapsucker. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact sheet with images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn.
Sassafrass (pics) Sassafras albidum	Other Common Names	Common sassafras, Saxifrax
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Sassafras leaf browsers include white-tailed deer, woodchucks, marsh rabbits, and black bears. Sassafras fruits are eaten by many species of birds including northern bobwhites, eastern kingbirds, great crested flycatchers, phoebes, wild turkeys, catbirds, flickers, pileated woodpeckers, downy woodpeckers, thrushes, vireos, and mockingbirds. Some small mammals also consume sassafras fruits. Sassafras is the host plant for the spicebush swallowtail butterfly. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images Fruit (awesome pic) USDA Forest Service
Witch Hazel (images) Hamamelis virginiana	Other Common Names	Southern witch-hazel
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Witchhazel has low wildlife value except for squirrels may eat the seeds. It does have high medicinal value. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images Iowa State Biology Dept info with images
Boxelder (images) Acer negundo	Other Common Names	Ash-leaved maple, Negundo maple, Three-leaved maple
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Many species of birds and squirrels feed on the seeds of boxelder. Seeds remain available throughout the winter. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn. Univ. of Auburn, AL
White Basswood (pics) Tilia heterophylla	Other Common Names	Beetree linden, Linn, White linn
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat: Old basswood trees tend to be hollow providing den and nesting for birds and animals.
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Drawing of leaves, twig and fruit Some images
Sourwood (pics) Oxydendrum arboreum	Other Common Names	Sorrel-tree, Sour gum, Lily of the valley tree
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: White-tail deer browse the sprouts and twigs. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Description with some images Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Auburn with images Univ. of Conn. Image Profile
Sweetbay (pics) Magnolia virginiana	Other Common Names	Sweetbay magnolia, Swampbay, Laurel magnolia, Swamp magnolia
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Sweetbay is an important forage for deer. Gray squirrels eat the fruit and to a lesser extend, white-footed mice, wild turkey, quail, and song birds. Habitat: Sweetbay provides perching and nesting sites for several species of birds.
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn. Auburn images
Redbay (image of leaves) Persea borbonia	Other Common Names	Redbay persea, Swampbay persea, Swampbay
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Rebbay fruit (seeds) are eaten by wild turkey, white-tailed deer, bears, northern bobwhite and many songbirds. White-tailed deer and black bears also browse the leaves. Habitat: Provides habitat for gray squirrels.
	Other Links	FEIS Database Univ. of Auburn Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Loblolly-Bay (images) Gordonia lasianthus	Other Common Names	Tan bay, Black laurel
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: White-tailed deer heavily browse the stump sprouts of loblolly-bay. Provides pollen for bees, flies, thrips, and hummingbirds. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with images
American Holly (images) Ilex opaca	Other Common Names	Holly, White holly
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: At least 18 species of birds, including songbirds, mourning doves, wild turkeys, and northern bobwhite, are known to eat the fruit as well as deer, squirrels, and other small animals. Habitat: Cavities in American holly provide nesting habitat for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker.
	Other Links	FEIS Database Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Eastern Redbud (images) Cercis canadensis	Other Common Names	Judas-tree
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Eastern redbud seeds or pods are eaten by deer, squirrels, quail, pheasants, goldfinch, cardinals, rose-breasted grosbeaks and other birds. It is critical food for the endangered golden-cheeked warblers. The flowers provide nectar for honey bees. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn. More images
American Hornbean (pics) Carpinus caroliniana	Other Common Names	Bluebeech, Water beech, Ironwood, Hornbean
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and northern bobwhite eat small quantities of the seeds, buds, and catkins. The seeds are eaten by the yellow-rumped warbler and sometimes by ducks. Seeds, bark, and wood are eaten by rabbits, beaver, fox squirrel, and eastern gray squirrel. White-tailed deer browse the twigs and foliage. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images Description with a few images Some images
Eastern Hophornbeam (images) Ostrya virginiana	Other Common Names	American hophornbeam, Hornbeam, Ironwood (falsely referred as?)
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Buds and catkins of eastern hophornbeam are important winter food for ruffed grouse. The nuts are a preferred food for sharp-tailed grouse and wild turkey and to a lesser extend for ruffed grouse, northern bobwhite, red and gray squirrels, cottontails, ring-necked pheasant, purple finch, rosebreasted grosbeak, and downy woodpecker. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Water Tupelo (pics) Nyssa aquatica	Other Common Names	Cotton-gum, Sour-gum, Tupelo, Swamp tupelo, Tupelo-gum
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The fruit is eaten by wood ducks, several other kinds of birds, and by squirrels, raccoons, and deer. The foliage, twigs, and stump sprouts are eaten by deer. Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with images USDA Forest Service
Swamp Tupelo (pics) Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora	Other Common Names	Blackgum, Swamp blackgum
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The fruit is eaten by birds and small mammals. The flowers are a source of nectar for bees. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with images Description
Osage Orange (leaves, fruit, bark) Maclura pomifera Photos by: James Manhart (fruit - immature) - (whole plant) - (branch) - (fruit - mature) - mature multiple fruits beneath parent tree	Other Common Names	Bodar, Boi-d'arc, Bowwood, Hedge, Mockorange
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Some animals including squirrel, fox, red crossbill, and northern bobwhite occasionally eat the seeds. Downy woodpeckers use osage-orange as forage sites. Habitat: Small mammals and birds use the thorny tree for cover.
	Other Links	FEIS Database USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images
Cucumbertree (pics) Magnolia acuminata	Other Common Names	Cucumbertree magnolia, Cucumber magnolia, Mountain magnolia, cowcomber
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Grackles and blackbirds and several other birds and animals eat the young fruit to a small degree. Habitat:
	Other Links	USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet with images Images of Magnolia
Allegheny Chinkapin (pics) Castanea pumila	Other Common Names	Chinkapin, chinquapin
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: The chinkapin nuts are consumed by squirrels, chipmunks, opossums, white-tailed deer, bluejays, pileated woodpeckers, red-headed woodpeckers, and many other birds. Deer browse the foilage. Habitat:
	Other Links	FEIS Database Fact Sheet with images
American Smoke-Tree (leaves) Cotinus obovatus	Other Common Names	Chittamwood, Smoketree, Yellow-wood
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Browsed by wildlife. Fruit is eaten by many wildlife species. Habitat:
	Other Links	Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images eNature Texas Horticulture
Carolina Silverbell (images) Halesia carolina	Other Common Names	Oppossum-wood, Silverbell, Snow-drop-tree
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Squirrels eat the seeds. Bees gather pollen fron the flowers. Habitat: Squirrels nest in the trees.
	Other Links	Description Images USDA Forest Service Univ. of Conn. Fact Sheet with images
Southern Catalpa (images) Catalpa bignonioides	Other Common Names	Common catalpa, Indian-bean, Catawba, Cigar-tree, Catalpa
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links	More images Series of images Univ. of Delaware
American Chestnut (pics) Castanea dentata Almost became extint with the onset of the chestnut blight in the early 1900's.	Other Common Names
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Deer, bear, wild turkey, grouse, squirrels, chipmunks and other animals eat the nuts (where they may exist). Habitat:
	Other Links	Ohio Division of Forestry Fact Sheet with images
Blackhaw (images) Viburnum prunifolium Rusty Blackhaw Caprifoliaceae Viburnum rufidulum	Other Common Names	Sloe, sloe-leaved viburnum, stagbush, shonny
	Benefits to wildlife	Food: Habitat:
	Other Links	Fact Sheet with images

Plant Fact Sheets	Society of American Foresters
Southern Research Station (Forestry research papers)	The Morton Arboretum
U.S. Endangered/Threatened Species List	pH of Freshly Fallen Leaves
Landscaping for Wildlife	Plant of the month wallpaper
Auburn University's Herbarium